Reference works in English

Addiss, Stephen. Japanese Ghosts and Demons. New York: Brazilier, 1985.

Aston, William G. A History of Japanese Literature. Tuttle: 1972.

Bush, Laurence. Asian Horror Encyclopedia. iUniverse, San Jose: 2001.

Davis, F. Hadland. Myths and Legends in Japan Dover: 1992. Reprint of 1913 classic study includes 32 illustrations and a bibliography.

Hearn, Lafcadio. In Ghostly Japan.

______. Kwaidan.

Iwasaka, Michiko and Toelken, Barre. Ghosts and the Japanese. Logan, Utah, Utah State UP: 1994.

Le Nestour, Patrick. The Mystery of Things: Evocations of the Japanese Supernatural. New York: Weatherhill, 1972.

Watanabe, Masao. The Japanese and Western Science, translated by Otto Theodor Benfey. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania Press: 1988.